Raimundo Lulio sees law, and all created things in the world, from the philosophical viewpoint and the kind of reasoning favoring theology, since that reasoning gets the arguments to prove christian faith. Law is an unclair, although necessary, science, due to the absence of charity. To Raimundo Lulio, who seems to know this very well, the legalized activity is complex and complicated. And that's why he proposes in his Arte a guiding methodology, which is a simplified and mechanic system to (...) apply law and do justice, based on principles of theology and natural law. Raimundo Lulio plays utopia. (shrink)

Clerical learning appears to have been an instrumental good rather than a good in its own right, in literature that was designed for those clerics who would have charge of parish churches. The acquisition of knowledge in the Middle Ages was justified and conditioned by the post that each person occupied in the Church and in society. The expression to know Latin or to know: grammar sums up the requirements for being a cleric.

In this article I think over the capacity of Raimond Llull to imagine, that allows him to introduce characters and situations in his narratives without obstacles. After some general considerations, I pay attention to the development of the imaginative capacity of Lulio in his work «Libro del amigo y del Amado», through the analysis of some images of importance. The reader of this work from Llull may note that his main character, the friend, maintains the love in a swarm of (...) sensations, in a continuous movement between the sensitive and the raciocinative, through the imaginative faculty. The mystic of Llull is dynamic, with a certain degree of «masochism». (shrink)

Raimundo Lulio contempla el derecho, como toda otra realidad del mundo creado, desde una filosofía de fe, de fe cristiana, o sea, desde una forma de razonar en servicio de la teología, en cuanto que de ese razonamiento recaba los argumentos demostrativos de la fe cristiana. El derecho es una ciencia confusa, necesaria a los hombres por la ausencia de caridad. La actividad jurídica, que Raimundo Lulio demuestra conocer bien, le parece prolija y compleja en demasía: por ello, a través (...) de su "Arte", propone una metodología, un sistema simplificado y mecánico para aplicar el derecho y hacer justicia, fundamentado en principios teológicos y de derecho natural. Raimundo Lulio juega, en fin, a la utopía. (shrink)

SÍNTESE - El decreto de Graciano sefiala el momento decisivo de la juridización de la Iglesia. AI tiempo, surgen algunas voces de teólogos em contra de dicha juridización. Son teólogos que entienden que la vinculación dei cristiano a unos comportamientos determinados no puede dimanar de una normativa humana, sea civil o eclesiástica, sino sólo de la voluntad de Dios manifestada en el derecho natural y en la Biblia, según viene interpretada por los Padres de la Iglesia y por las determinaciones (...) de los concillos y de los papas. En este sentido se expresan concretamente dos teólogos hispanos de los siglos XII y XIII, Martino de León y Antonio de Lisboa. Posteriormente, segunda mitad dei siglo XIII y principios dei XN, Raimundo Lulio contacta com esa tendencia, ai elaborar una teoria en la que e! derecho queda reducido a filosofia moral. Ya em pleno siglo X:V, un autor hispano anónimo da testimonio de que algunos teólogos siguen manteniendo la tesis de una Iglesia governada por la sola teología, sin necesidad del derecho. Los autores mencionados no representan uma tradición hispana. Martino y Antonio conectan en su formación teológíca con una corriente espiritualista que procede de Francia, y Raimundo es autónomo en su teoria. (shrink)

The present study aimed to verify the quarantine’s effects during a serious viral outbreak on the cardiovascular and performance associated with the Yo-Yo test in a sample of professional soccer players. 20 high-level soccer players participated in this study. The intermittent Yo-Yo test was performed pre- and post- COVID-19 quarantine in a random order. During each test, the soccer players’ running performance outcomes were monitored using a portable 5-Hz GPS with a 100 Hz accelerometer and a paired t-test was conducted (...) at a p-value of ≤ 0.05. The main results demonstrated significant differences between pre- versus post-COVID-19 quarantine in the following variables: relative distance, maximal speed, acceleration, deceleration, sprints > 19 km/h [0.8 % >0.5 %], and in high intensity running distance [16.48 m > 0.827 m]. We concluded that COVID-19-related restrictions and quarantine COVID-19 demonstrated adverse effects on professional soccer players’ Yo-Yo tests performance. (shrink)

The reductionist/anti-reductionist debate about testimonial justification (and knowledge) can be taken to collapse into a controversy about two kinds of underlying monitoring mechanism. The nature and structure of this mechanism remains an enigma in the debate. We suggest that the underlying monitoring mechanism amounts to emotion-based stereotyping. Our main argument in favor of the stereotype hypothesis about testimonial monitoring is that the underlying psychological mechanism responsible for testimonial monitoring has several conditions to satisfy. Each of these conditions is satisfied by (...) our “hot” stereotypical capacities. Intergroup emotions play a key role here. Intergroup emotions inform the agent about which candidate stereotype is better suited to the current situation. Emotions serve as evidence that makes a certain stereotype and its particular profile of features more or less expected. (shrink)

Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility, EarlyView.

Going from cognitive theory to neural data to ACT‐R models, the authors relate brain activity in a lexical ambiguity priming task to brain processes that resolve ambiguity in word meanings. These detailed data were tested and found compatible to the results of an ACT‐R computational model of reinforcement learning (RL). The model confirms and extends the behavioral findings to provide a RL account of individual differences in lexical ambiguity resolution.

The notion of memory storage, central to most contemporary theories of remembering, is challenged from a philosophical perspective as being contradictory and untenable. It criticizes this storage hypothesis as relying upon a linear explanation of time, an assumption which results in infinite regression, solipsism, and a failure to contact the real past. A model based on the phenomenological viewpoints of Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty is offered as an alternative paradigm. Finally, a research method suggested by this descriptive approach to (...) memory is presented and illustrated. (shrink)

For this issue of JBE, Zyphur and Pierides :1–16, 2017) have written a paper on a concept that they have labeled relational validity. The purpose of the paper and of their advocacy for the concept of relational validity is to improve the way that quantitative research is done by expanding our understanding of its ethics-laden aspects. I agree entirely with the authors that every decision regarding QR is an ethics-laden one and that our research as a whole would be improved (...) by recognition of this fact. I disagree with the authors regarding some of the ways that this improvement might be brought about. (shrink)

RESUMENUna de las líneas de investigación más interesantes de la actual filosofía de la psiquiatría gira en torno a la posibilidad de entender el contenido de los delirios a través de la noción wittgensteiniana de «certeza objetiva». En este artículo se mantiene que el contenido de los delirios se podría entender más fácilmente considerando la existencia de sistemas de creencias individuales y reformulando los conceptos diferenciales de dichos sistemas.PALABRAS CLAVEDELIRIO, CERTEZA OBJETIVA, CERTEZA SUBJETIVA, GRAMÁTICA, JUEGO DE LENGUAJEABSTRACTOne of the most (...) interesting research lines in recent philosophy of psychiatry deals with the possibility of understanding the content of delusions through Wittgenstein’s concept of «objective certainty». In this paper it is held that the content of delusions might be understood more easily by considering the existence of individual belief systems and reformulating the distinguishing concepts of such systems.KEYWORDSDELUSION, OBJECTIVE CERTAINTY, SUBJECTIVE CERTAINTY, GRAMMAR, LANGUAGE-GAME. (shrink)

RESUMENEl hombre moderno puede estar tentado a dar por supuesto que la diferencia entre razón y locura no fue creada en un momento dado; lejos de tal cosa, puede pensar que dicha diferencia constituye un hecho evidente, ya que será suficiente que contemple detenidamente a un loco para convencerse de que no tienen absolutamente nada en común. Sin embargo, este artículo no sólo explica en qué consiste el orden primitivo que el hombre moderno comparte con el loco, sino que además (...) ilustra las resistencias que el hombre moderno muestra al apreciar dicho orden.PALABRAS CLAVERazón, locura, orden, sociedad, voluntadABSTRACTThe modern man may be tempted to presuppose that the difference between reason and madness was not created in a certain moment; far from that, he may think that this difference constitutes an obvious fact as, just by looking carefully at a madman he may realize that they have absolutely nothing in common. However, this paper not only explains the nature of the primitive order the modern man shares with the madman, but also illustrates the resistance the modern man puts up when noticing this order.KEYWORDSReason, madness, order, society, will. (shrink)

Emotional intelligence stands at the nexus between intelligence and emotion disciplines, and we outline how EI research might be better integrated within both theoretical frameworks. From the former discipline, empirical research focused upon whether EI is an intelligence and what type of intelligence it constitutes. It is clear that ability-based tests of EI form a group factor of cognitive abilities that may be integrated into the Cattell–Horn–Carroll framework; less clear is the lower order factor structure of EI. From the latter (...) discipline, research linking EI with theoretical frameworks from emotion research remain relatively sparse. Emotion regulation and appraisal theory may be key to explain how EI may reflect different processes. We propose a research agenda to advance the EI study. (shrink)

Texto de la conferencia pronunciada en Estrasburgo el 19 de Noviembre de 1991, donde replanteándose ciertos aspectos recientes de la fortuna de Vico en España se aboga por la necesidad de establecer una fecunda reflexión a la vez sobre Vico y sobre nuestra propia historia.Text of conference of 19 November 1991 , where reconsidering certain aspects of the chance of Vico in Spain, the need to encourage a fruitful reflection of Vico and our own history is advocated.

La tecnología espacial y sus productos derivados se han convertido en un elemento fundamental para la vida y para la supervivencia y prosperidad de las sociedades desarrolladas y poseen un peso creciente en aquellas otras que están en vías de desarrollo. Esta dependencia del espacio irá, además, reforzándose progresivamente en los próximos años. Esta realidad, unida a los riesgos y desafíos asociados a fenómenos naturales, accidentes no provocados, o bien, a acciones intencionadas realizadas por otros actores en el espacio, trae (...) como consecuencia la necesidad de protección de nuestras actividades en el espacio para garantizar un acceso continuado; de no hacerlo, el impacto en el normal desarrollo de nuestras vidas y en el planeamiento y conducción de operaciones militares sería muy significativo. En general, las Fuerzas Armadas españolas disponen de un nivel muy aceptable de capacidades espaciales para afrontar los entornos operativos del presente. Sin embargo, el espacio ultraterrestre se encuentra cada vez más congestionado y disputado y, en este contexto, no existe la misma disponibilidad de capacidades necesarias para implementar un control efectivo del espacio que permita contrarrestar actividades maliciosas de potenciales adversarios, aspecto en el que resulta imprescindible avanzar. (shrink)

En un análisis de las relaciones de Vico con el cartesianismo, se plantea una perspectiva para la comprensión de su proyecto filosófico, enfocado a una dimensión práctica de la filosofía, a través de tres estrategias epistemológicas: dos de ellas en relación al criterio verum-factum y, una tercera, en relación con el principio verum-certum.Within the context defined by Vico’s relations with Cartesianim, a perspective oriented to the understanding of Vico’s philosophical project, casted on to a practical dimension of philosophy, is purported (...) as based on three main epistemological strategies: two of them related with the verum-factum criteron and a third one with the verum-certum principle. (shrink)

Aunque Vico hace varias referencias a Hobbes creemos que en realidad nunca tuvo un estrecho conocimiento del filósofo inglés. Pensamos que no merece la pena realmente buscar similitudes o coincidencias generales en textos seleccionados. Pero sí creemos que sería interesante comparar ambas actitudes metodológicas, su esfuerzo común por establecer las bases de una ciencia civil invirtiendo la "jerarquía de la evidencia", esto es, llevando el nivel de la ciencia social a las matemáticas y trasladando las ciencias naturales al rango de (...) la hipótesis.Although Vico makes several references to Hobbes, we are of the opinion that he never really had a narrow knowledge of the English philosopher. We do not think it worth to lock for similarities through some selected passages or some general coincidences. But we do think it interesting to compare both methodological attitudes, their common efforts to establish the bases of a civil science by reversing the "jerarchy of evidence", that is, by bringing the level of social science to that of mathematics and shifting the natural sciences to the rank of hypothesis. (shrink)

Each science has its own domain of investigation, but one and the same science can be formalized in different languages with different universes of discourse. The concept of the domain of a science and the concept of the universe of discourse of a formalization of a science are distinct, although they often coincide in extension. In order to analyse the presuppositions and implications of choices of domain and universe, this article discusses the treatment of omega arguments in three very different (...) formalizations of arithmetic. In Peano's formalization the domain is a restricted class of individuals, while the universe of discourse is the unrestricted class of all individuals. In Gödel's formalization the domain is a restricted class of individuals as in Peano's formalization, but the universe of discourse coincides with the domain. In Whitehead-Russell's formalization the domain is a class of logical notions in Tarski's sense, that are necessarily not individuals, whereas the universe of discourse is the unrestricted class of individuals as in Peano's formalization. The present approach emphasizes the viewpoint that the universe of discourse of a given discourse is important in determining which propositions are expressed by which sentences. (shrink)

Scholars have long debated whether leader's integrity affects managerial decision making with respect to social responsibility. In this paper, we propose a model in which transformational leadership mediates integrity and corporate social responsibility and examine the relationship between these concepts. A survey of 170 senior managers from 50 organizations was conducted. Results indicate that integrity is a predictor of transformational leadership behavior and that transformational leaders’ behaviors are linked to CSR practices. It was also found that leaders rated with higher (...) integrity are engaged in CSR because they exhibit more transformational leadership behaviors. These findings add to the extant literature by demonstrating that integrity is important as transformational leaders engage more actively on ‘responsible’ behaviors. Practical implications call for an understanding among corporate leaders of the benefits of integrity and how it relates to transformational leadership. Organizations can improve their selection and leadership development processes by focusing on these two dimensions. (shrink)

This article discusses two coextensive concepts of logical consequence that are implicit in the two fundamental logical practices of establishing validity and invalidity for premise-conclusion arguments. The premises and conclusion of an argument have information content (they ?say? something), and they have subject matter (they are ?about? something). The asymmetry between establishing validity and establishing invalidity has long been noted: validity is established through an information-processing procedure exhibiting a step-by-step deduction of the conclusion from the premise-set. Invalidity is established by (...) exhibiting a countermodel satisfying the premises but not the conclusion. The process of establishing validity focuses on information content; the process of establishing invalidity focuses on subject matter. Corcoran's information-theoretic concept of logical consequence corresponds to the former. Tarski's model-theoretic concept of logical consequence formulated in his famous 1936 no-countermodels definition corresponds to the latter. Both are found to be indispensable for understanding the rationale of the deductive method and each complements the other. This study discusses the ontic question of the nature of logical consequence and the epistemic question of the human capabilities presupposed by practical applications of these two concepts as they make validity and invalidity accessible to human knowledge. (shrink)

Unlike most American novels on the Iraq wars, which tend to be either celebratory or redemptive, Iraqi-born Sinan Antoon’s The Corspe Washer bears witness to the traumatic effects of destitu...